Pathological Features of Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms of Tissue Damage and Therapeutic Targets

Abstract

Autoimmune diseases (ADs) are a diverse group of disorders in which the immune system

mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues, leading to chronic inflammation, tissue damage,

and functional impairment. The pathological features of autoimmune diseases are complex

and multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and immunological factors. This paper

provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying tissue damage in

autoimmune diseases, focusing on cellular and molecular processes such as immune cell

activation, autoantibody production, and inflammatory cytokine signaling. In addition, we

explore current and emerging therapeutic targets aimed at modulating the immune response

to prevent or treat autoimmune diseases. Understanding these pathological mechanisms is

crucial for the development of more effective treatments and improved patient outcomes.